Modernised conductivity monitoring at power stations

Protecting power station performance with gap-free conductivity monitoring data

In an ideal world, continuous monitors would monitor continuously, but for some instruments downtime is necessary whilst service operations are undertaken. To overcome this, Swan Analytical Instruments has developed a new technology for power and industrial water/steam monitoring systems to enable uninterrupted operation.

Chemists at the South Humber Bank power station (UK) have evaluated this innovative conductivity instrumentation, demonstrating its ability to avoid gaps in vital data streams, while also saving costs and lowering labour requirements. Swan’s AMI CACE (conductivity after cation exchange) dispenses with the need to replenish the instrument’s cation exchange resin every month, which means that downtime is almost completely avoided.

After almost one year of uninterrupted operation with the AMI CACE, South Humber Bank power station chemist Paul Kelk says: “CACE is a vitally important measurement because it amplifies conductivity readings so that we can measure the potential threat of corrosion. We have found this new instrument to be extremely reliable, with a fast response time, and it has saved significant costs because it does not require manual resin replenishment every month. However, for me, the main advantage is that the instrument does not have to go offline; unlike conventional resin-based CACE instruments.”

The South Humber Bank power station is a 1,365MW combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power station, owned by EP UK Investments, a daughter company of EP Power Europe. The plant was built in two phases in 1997 and 1999. Phase 1 consists of three 166MW gas turbines with three heat recovery steam generators, and a 255MW steam turbine. Phase 2 consists of two 169MW gas turbines with two heat recovery steam generators, and a 171MW steam turbine. The plant operates once-through cooling using a deep-water intake drawn from about one mile into the River Humber estuary, at a rate of around 23m3 per second.

Why conductivity monitoring is important

Conductivity, in this context, is the non-specific ability of water in the water/steam cycle to carry an electrical current. This is made possible by the presence of dissolved substances – anions and cations, which may be treatment chemicals, dissolved gases or contaminants. The presence of these contaminants represents a threat to power station assets because of their ability to accumulate at points in the water/steam cycle and because they may cause corrosion in locations such as the main boiler, the steam turbine header, the condenser tubes and the hot well. Corrosion in these vital assets would necessitate remedial action, causing partial or complete plant shutdown with heavy financial consequences. Turbine blades would also be vulnerable to corrosion, and given that they travel at 3,000rpm, any damage could be catastrophic.

With the benefit of various conductivity measurements, South Humber Bank power station has been able to operate largely problem-free for many years. However, with an eye to the future, Kelk says: “We are constantly on the lookout for new technologies that offer an opportunity to improve performance.”

Corrosion prevention in power stations

Corrosion occurs in the presence of water and oxygen, when metals revert to their oxidised, more stable state, so dissolved oxygen in cooling systems is avoided. Carbohydrazide is employed as a water treatment chemical at South Humber Bank power station. As a powerful oxygen scavenger Carbohydrazide promotes the formation of a protective magnetite layer without interfering with the action of other treatment chemicals. Magnetite is an iron oxide, (Fe3O4) that forms as a thin layer on steel surfaces and passivates them; thereby protecting the surfaces from corrosion.

Corrosion is an electrochemical process, and any build-up of dissolved contaminants could harm the magnetite layer and expose steel surfaces to the risk of corrosion. This risk is amplified where high pressure and temperature accelerate the corrosion process. So, the monitoring of conductivity provides the operators of steam cycle systems with early warning of potentially serious problems. However, contamination levels may be masked by the presence of alkalising agents which have been added to protect the plant. For this reason, direct conductivity monitoring is undertaken, along with pH, as an indicator of treatment chemical levels.

To continuously monitor the potential threat from corrosive contaminants, it is necessary to remove the treatment chemicals from samples so that the underlying conductivity can be measured. This is achieved within the measurement instrument by passing the water sample through a cation exchange resin.

CACE solutions

In conventional CACE instruments a resin column changes contaminants into their acid form that amplifies the conductivity, allowing early detection of low-level contaminants. Alkalising agents can mask the contaminants as the column removes them from the sample by replacing them with protons in a cation exchange step before and after conductivity is measured. This process consumes resin and therefore necessitates regular resin replacement in order to assure reliable monitoring data.

Almost every power station monitors CACE to protect itself from the potentially serious effects of corrosion caused by contaminants in cycle steam/water. Kelk says: “The main threats at this site are chloride and sulphide ions, so we employ 14 CACE monitors with sampling points at both high- and low-pressure locations so that we can monitor any increase in levels, and take timely action to protect the plant.”

The frequency of resin replacement for conventional instruments depends on the type, quality and volume of the resin, as well as the pH, temperature and flow rate of the sample. Nuclear power plants, for example, running on a higher pH have an increased consumption of resin and need more frequent replacement or regeneration. At the South Humber plant, Kelk estimates that each of the CACE monitors requires resin replacement once every four weeks. “We generally pre-prepare columns to speed up the process of swapping them. Once the column is taken from the instrument, the remaining resin is removed and discarded. The column is then washed with hydrochloric acid, which obviously presents safety challenges. Finally, the resin is replaced and the column is returned to the instrument, after which it is necessary to flush the column.”

The column exchange process takes around 20 minutes in total and has to be undertaken for each of the plant’s 14 CACE instruments every month. “In addition to the cost of the replacement resin and the avoidance of waste resin, the creation of replacement columns and the monthly swapping of columns, represents a significant ongoing labour requirement.” Kelk explains. “However, the main problem is that resin column replacement causes the instrument readings to go off-scale for one to two hours, so we were obviously very interested to learn more about a new instrument that dispensed with the need for regular column replacement.”

The innovative technology employed by Swan’s AMI CACE is electro-deionisation (EDI); a process in which the ion exchange resin is regenerated in place, continuously. Ions present in the feedwater pass through ion exchange membranes to a concentrate stream and are thereby separated from the sample. The protons and hydroxide ions needed for regeneration are generated by water electrolysis, which eliminates the requirement for regeneration chemicals, and this means that it is possible to eliminate alkalising agent up to specific conductivities of over 40 µS cm–1 in a single exchange step.

The AMI CACE measures conductivity both before and after cation exchange and provides automatic calculation of pH and alkalising agent concentration.

Conductivity monitoring at South Humber Bank power station

Samples are collected continuously from collection drums in the feedwater and condensate systems and delivered to the plant’s analysers by a bespoke system that includes pressure reduction valves and cooling coils. Manual samples are also collected routinely for laboratory analysis – to conduct a wider range of tests and to check that the online monitors are operating correctly.

Conductivity monitoring should be monitored continuously

The main advantage of continuous monitoring systems is that they are able to provide a complete picture of process conditions throughout a cycle, whilst also detecting sudden peaks so that alarms can be raised. It is therefore less than ideal when an analyser has to go offline for one to two hours every month for resin replacement. By developing an instrument that is able to remove this step, Swan has enabled true continuous monitoring of CACE at power plants.

In recent years, continuous monitoring systems with fast response times have become more important as power plants are required to respond more rapidly to changes in demand.

Summarising, John Saxton of Swan Analytical UK says: “Effective process control demands continuous analysis, so it was inevitable that the challenges of using traditional CACE instruments would need to be resolved, and we are obviously delighted that it was our company that developed the solution.

“Even without the operational cost savings, the case for replacing conventional CACE monitors with instruments employing EDI is overwhelming; given the enormous capital and strategic value of the assets that they protect.”