What role do bearings play in these applications, and why is a customizable approach so critical?

Lightweight, high torque density, and low friction will continue to be important for smooth humanoid control and battery life management. Customized bearings might be necessary in certain actuators and certain positions, but it’s wise to pursue standardized solutions where possible especially when we talk about mass production in the coming years.

How do the components Schaeffler provides compare to hydraulic or pneumatic systems? 

Increased Precision and Control: Electric actuators offer finer control over movement, making humanoid robots more adaptable to complex tasks. Hydraulic systems, while powerful, can be difficult to precisely regulate due to fluid dynamics. Lower Maintenance and Complexity: Hydraulic systems require pumps, valves, and high-pressure fluid lines, leading to potential leaks, high maintenance requirements, and complex routing. Electric actuation simplifies the design, reducing maintenance needs. Better Energy Efficiency: Hydraulic systems consume more power due to continuous fluid circulation, whereas electric actuators use energy more efficiently by only consuming power when needed. Reduced Weight and Space: Hydraulic systems require large reservoirs, hoses, and pumps, adding weight and bulk. Electric actuators allow for a more compact and lighter design.

Scalability for Practical Applications: Moving towards electric actuators aligns with broader industry trends, making the technology more viable for real-world applications in logistics, manufacturing, and other fields. This shift reflects a broader movement in humanoid robotics, where electric actuation is becoming the preferred standard for its balance of power, efficiency, and scalability.